#include <iostream>#define MOD 998244353using namespace std;long long power(long long base, long long exp) { long long ret = 1; while (exp) { if (exp & 1) ret = ret * base % MOD; base = base * base % MOD; exp >>= 1; } return ret;}void solve(void) { int n, k; cin >> n >> k; long long ans = 0; for (int i=2; i<=k+1; i++) { ans = (ans + power(i, n)) % MOD; } cout << ans << "\n";}int main(void) { ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(nullptr); int t; cin >> t; while (t--) solve(); return 0;}